Which of the following is included in the Jones formula?

The correct answer pertains specifically to the legal interpretation of search and seizure as established in the precedent set by the Supreme Court case, United States v. Jones. This ruling emphasizes the concept of "governmental trespass" in relation to an individual's reasonable expectation of privacy. Under the Jones formula, a search is deemed a violation if it involves a physical intrusion (trespass) onto a person's property by law enforcement, combined with the intent to gather information.

This understanding reinforces the idea that a search not only requires an action that interferes with an individual's possessory interests but also the specific intent to collect information, which bridges the evidentiary standards with constitutional protections. Recognizing this helps law enforcement understand the limitations and guidelines that govern their investigative practices.

The other options, while related to search and privacy concepts, do not encapsulate the essence of the Jones formula. Searches by private entities do not fall under governmental oversight and hence are not considered in the context of the Fourth Amendment. Searches requiring consent are governed by separate legal principles rather than the framework established in the Jones case. Lastly, the gathering of physical evidence alone does not reflect the necessary criteria of governmental intrusion and intent outlined in the Jones formula.