When can items be found under the plain view doctrine?

The plain view doctrine allows law enforcement officers to seize items without a warrant if they are observed in plain sight while the officer is lawfully present in a location. This principle is fundamental in situations such as when an officer is executing a search or arrest warrant. During these times, officers are legally situated in a place where they have the authority to be, allowing them to observe and seize evidence that is clearly visible and immediately recognizable as incriminating or relevant to criminal activity.

When warrants are executed, officers may come across evidence related to the investigation that is not specifically mentioned in the warrant but is in plain sight. This can include physical evidence of a crime or contraband that the officer can recognize as illegal or relevant to their investigation right away.

The other options imply restrictions on this doctrine that do not encompass its full application. Traffic stops and general police encounters may not always align with the legal requirements needed to claim items under the plain view doctrine, such as being in a lawful position and having probable cause. However, when a warrant is being executed, the ability to seize items observed in plain view is clearly justified.